Famotidine thrombocytopenia - References. Protonix (pantoprazole sodium) and Pepcid (famotidine) are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and erosive esophagitis. Pepcid is also used to treat and prevent recurrence of stomach and duodenal ulcers. Pepcid is also useful in managing heartburn and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

 
Patients receiving other drugs or with known bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, thrombocytopenia, or coagulopathy were excluded. Results A total of 522 patients who received famotidine and 95 who received pantoprazole were included.. Uabbasketball

See full list on emcrit.org Introduction. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by transient or persistent decrease in the platelet count and increased risk of bleeding [].ITP in adults is a clinically distinct condition from that in children, with a lower likelihood of spontaneous remission, a higher incidence of underlying diseases and …Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are not widely recognized as a cause of drug-induced thrombocytopenia. Literature is mainly confined to case reports and has been insufficient to explore the possibility that this adverse event may be attributed to a class effect of PPI therapy. We present a case where platelet counts dropped from 177 (×10 (3) per ... A Word From Verywell. Thrombocytopenia is the medical term for a low platelet count. Platelets are blood cells that stop bleeding by causing blood to clot. Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count of less than 150,000 platelets/mL, regardless of your age. Andrew Brookes / Getty Images.Abstract. Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly utilized in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeds (UGIBs) due to their ability to stabilize …In this retrospective study, neurosurgical patients on famotidine developed thrombocytopenia statistically significantly more often than those untreated. Although no clinically significant sequelae developed as a result of the thrombocytopenia, if these findings are confirmed by a prospective study, proton pump inhibitors and sucralfate, with ...Famotidine is a white to pale yellow crystalline compound that is freely soluble in glacial acetic acid, slightly soluble in methanol, very slightly soluble in water, and practically insoluble in ethanol. Each tablet for oral administration contains either 20 mg or 40 mg of famotidine and the followingIn these Ranitidine · Famotidine · Platelet patients it is often difficult to assess count No financial support was provided in any accurately the cause of adverse ef- part for this paper fects such as thrombocytopenia. Dec 14, 2018 · Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination was reported to precede the sudden occurrence of severe thrombocytopenia by 6-7 days in 2010, 2012 and 2013 in a 4 year-old boy. 6 The authors' interpretation was that the influenza vaccine induced primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), rather than DITP, because ITP has been previously associated with ... feeling of warmth. hearing loss. inability to have or keep an erection. lack or loss of strength. loss in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance. muscle pain or stiffness. redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. redness of the white part of the eyes. stomach discomfort.In patients who received famotidine, there was one occurrence of Clostridium difficile and 6 cases of electrolyte abnormalities. In patients who received a PPI, ...Proton pump inhibitors might induce leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Neutrophil and platelet counts may go back to the normal range after proton pump inhibitors are stopped. Clinicians should be aware of this adverse effect even though it is very rare. Open in a separate window.In these Ranitidine · Famotidine · Platelet patients it is often difficult to assess count No financial support was provided in any accurately the cause of adverse ef- part for this paper fects such as thrombocytopenia.Jul 24, 2023 · feeling of warmth. hearing loss. inability to have or keep an erection. lack or loss of strength. loss in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance. muscle pain or stiffness. redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. redness of the white part of the eyes. stomach discomfort. Hemat: AGRANULOCYTOSIS, APLASTIC ANEMIA, anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia. Local: pain at IM site. Neuro: confusion, dizziness, drowsiness ...The active ingredient in PEPCID® (famotidine) is a histamine H2-receptor ... thrombocytopenia. Hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis, angioedema, orbital or ...The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and clinical significance of famotidine-associated thrombocytopenia in the trauma patient population. A retrospective cohort study was performe...4 oct 2023 ... ... thrombocytopenia. The relationship between these events and famotidine therapy has been unclear in many cases.[44392]. Miscellaneous adverse ...1 sept 2017 ... Thrombocytopenia (causative). Medications which may cause ... famotidine, F. fluconazole. fluorouracil, top. furosemide. gemcitabine, G.Famotidine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus Prescription famotidine is used to treat ulcers (sores on the lining of the stomach or small intestine); gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, a con...Thrombocytopenia has been reported rarely with IV and oral famotidine and may increase the risk of bleeding (Ref). Most patients who developed thrombocytopenia ...famotidine has not been established: agitation, confusion, hallucinations, grand mal seizures, rare cases of impotence, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, leukopenia and agranulocytosis. Gynecomastia has been reported rarely. In most cases that were followed up, it was reversible after discontinuing treatment. Laboratory AbnormalitiesFamotidine did not appear to affect the fertility of rats at oral doses up ... confusion and hallucinations, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and neutropenia.When medicines or drugs cause a low platelet count, it is called drug-induced thrombocytopenia. Causes Drug-induced thrombocytopenia occurs when certain medicines destroy platelets or interfere with the body's ability to make enough of them. There are two types of drug-induced thrombocytopenia: immune and nonimmune.PURPOSE: Patients on mechanical ventilation (MV) are at increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), though more potent and longer acting inhibitors of gastric acid production, are generally more expensive than Histamine-2-Receptor Antagonists (an H2RA). Data comparing the two as prophylactic agents to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill ...Famotidine did not appear to affect the fertility of rats at oral doses up ... confusion and hallucinations, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and neutropenia.In these patients it is often difficult to assess accurately the cause of adverse effects such as thrombocytopenia. We evaluate the literature to better define thrombocytopenia related to H(2) antagonist administration and discuss mechanism, potential as a risk factor and case reports describing the severity and duration of thrombocytopenia.Mar 14, 2023 · Famotidine is a histamine-2 (H 2) receptor antagonist indicated (1): In adult and pediatric patients 40 kg and greater for the treatment of: • active duodenal ulcer (DU). • active gastric ulcer. • symptomatic nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). • erosive esophagitis due to GERD, diagnosed by biopsy. ( 1) Nov 19, 2021 · Famotidine tablets are a histamine-2 (H 2) receptor antagonist indicated ( 1 ): In adult and pediatric patients 40 kg and greater for the treatment of: • active duodenal ulcer (DU). • active gastric ulcer. • symptomatic nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). • erosive esophagitis due to GERD, diagnosed by biopsy. Hematologic: thrombocytopenia . Hypersensitivity: orbital edema, rash, conjunctival injection, bronchospasm . ... Famotidine tablets may be taken with or without food. Famotidine tablets may be given with antacids. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.Famotidine is a white to pale yellow crystalline compound that is freely soluble in glacial acetic acid, slightly soluble in methanol, very slightly soluble in water, and practically insoluble in ethanol. Each tablet for oral administration contains either 20 mg or 40 mg of famotidine and the followingThrombocytopenia is a condition that develops because your body does not have enough platelets. Platelets are cells that help your blood to clot. Your body may not be making enough platelets, or it may be destroying too many platelets. When platelets become low, your risk for bleeding increases. Severe bleeding may become life-threatening.Famotidine is a white to pale yellow crystalline compound that is freely soluble in glacial acetic acid, slightly soluble in methanol, very slightly soluble in water, and practically insoluble in ethanol. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Famotidine is a competitive inhibitor of histamine-2 (H2) receptors. To address this common clinical problem, we used 3 distinct analytical methods and their corresponding datasets to identify drugs that have evidence for an association with thrombocytopenia: (1) We performed serial systematic reviews of published case reports of DITP and analyzed the clinical evidence for a causal association of the drug with thrombocytopenia. 9,10 (2) We analyzed data from ...View This Abstract Online; Famotidine use and thrombocytopenia in the trauma patient. Am Surg. 2011; 77(12):1580-3 (ISSN: 1555-9823). Compoginis JM; Gaspard D; Obaid ATypically the ICU team is reaching for the stars on why a patients platelet count is low and blame it on the Pepcid. Lots of reasons an ICU patient can be thrombocytopenic. Platelets are a bit of an acute phase reactant, infection, inflammation, fever, DIC, stress, HIT, malnutrition, thrombocytopenia of frequent phlebotomy, hemorrhage ...Seventy-two of 181 (39.8%) patients treated with famotidine developed thrombocytopenia compared with 23 of 126 (18.3%) untreated patients (P < 0.001). Patients who developed thrombocytopenia were ...Dosing for oral administered famotidine was 20 mg/d in 95.2% of cases and 40 mg/d in the remaining 4.8% of cases. Intravenous famotidine was administered as a 20 mg/2 mL solution in all cases, For inpatient famotidine use, the median total dose was 80 mg (range 40–160 mg) and was received over a median of 4 days (range 2–8 days). Post-hoc analysis revealed a higher incidence of > 20% drop in platelet count in the study group compared with the controls (23%; 95% CI = 19 - 27% versus 11%; 95% CI = 8 - 14%, respectively; p < 0.001). This study failed to demonstrate an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia for patients treated with pantoprazole.Kansas Journal of Medicine 2015 Famotidine-Induced Thrombocytopenia 29 Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1989; 23(6):507-508. PMID: 2568035 5 Zimmermann AE, Katona BG, Hrehorovich VR. Probable famotidine-induced thrombocytopenia. 1991; DICP 25(6):678. PMID: 1877281. 6 Humphries JE. Thrombocytopenia associated with famotidine in aHeparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic adverse drug reaction. One third to one-half of cases of HIT are complicated by thrombosis, which may be limb- or life-threatening. Recommendations address screening of asymptomatic patients for HIT, diagnosis and initial management of patients with suspected HIT, treatment of acute HIT, and special situations in …1 dic 1998 ... Purpose: To determine the strength of clinical evidence for individual drugs as a cause of thrombocytopenia.According to recent estimates, by 2025 the prevalence of cancer is expected to soar by 45% in developed countries. Cancer is the second cause of death worldwide following cardiovascular diseases. More than one million cases of gastric cardia and …Critically ill patients routinely receive H2 antagonists for stress ulcer prophylaxis while at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding. In these patients it is often difficult to assess accurately the cause of adverse effects such as thrombocytopenia. We evaluate the literature to better define thrombocytopenia related to H2 antagonist administration and discuss mechanism, potential as a risk ...Famotidine binds more tightly to H 2 R (dissociation constant 17 nmol/L) than ranitidine (dissociation constant 200 nmol/L), 16 but preincubation of platelets with 1.0 mmol/L famotidine had no significant effect on ranitidine-dependent binding of antibody to platelets at concentrations of ranitidine as low as 1.0 μmol/L .The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Pepcid and have Thrombocytopenia. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 48,403 people who have side effects when taking Pepcid from the FDA, and is updated regularly. You can use the study as a second opinion to make health care decisions. Phase IV trials are used to …Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a commonest blood disorder that causes thrombocytopenia or low platelet count. Apart from ITP, many drugs can cause thrombocytopenia. Some drugs like anticancer drugs and valproic acid causes dose depended decrease in the number of platelets by myelosuppression. Drugs may also cause thrombocytopenia by ... Chronic therapy with famotidine has been associated with minor elevations in serum aminotransferase levels in 1% to 4% of patients, but similar rates were reported in placebo recipients. The ALT elevations are usually asymptomatic and transient, and may resolve without dose modification. Rare instances of clinically apparent liver injury have been reported in …In contrast to immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, nonimmune drug-induced thrombocytopenia is described as a direct …Abstract. H 2 antagonist ranitidine causing thrombocytopenia is a rare drug phenomenon. Here we present a case of 55 year old female of pustular psoriasis who presented with fever and vomiting. Patient. was started on roxithromycin, iv ondensetron, paracetamol and iv ranitidine. Complete blood count revealed neutrophilia with normal blood picture. Very rare: thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, neutropenia. Psychiatric disorders. Rare: reversible psychic disturbances including hallucinations, confusion, anxiety disorders, agitation, depression. ... Famotidine is a white or yellowish-white, crystalline powder or crystals which is very slightly soluble in water ...Liersch T, Beyer JH, Krieger G, Vehmeyer K. The growth capacity of hematopoietic progenitor cells in severe neutropenia induced by famotidine. Ann Hematol 1992; 64: …Reversible neutropenia and thrombocytopenia during famotidine treatment. Ann Pharmacother. 1994 Mar;28 (3):406-7. doi: 10.1177/106002809402800326.Last Updated: 30 Aug 2023. PDF | On Feb 27, 2015, Ahmad K. Rahal and others published Probable Famotidine-Induced Thrombocytopenia | Find, read and …Intravenous famotidine therapy was the only variable found to be statistically significant after both univariate and multivariate analysis (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Thrombocytopenia became clinically significant in eight of 181 (4.4%) famotidine-treated patients or 11.1 per cent of those who developed thrombocytopenia.Thrombocytopenia is a condition that develops because your body does not have enough platelets. Platelets are cells that help your blood to clot. Your body may not be making enough platelets, or it may be destroying too many platelets. When platelets become low, your risk for bleeding increases. Severe bleeding may become life-threatening.May 20, 2023 · The main outcome variables were lymphocytopenia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. The findings indicated a significant effect of famotidine on reduction of thrombocytopenia among intervention group compared to control group (P < 0.0001). The general dosage of Pepcid for dogs is 0.22 to 0.44 milligrams per pound, according to 1800PetMeds.com. The medication can be given every 12-24 hours. Pepcid or famotidine is a medication used to heal and prevent ulcers. It blocks the rec...Probable famotidine-induced thrombocytopenia. Zimmermann AE, Katona BG, Hrehorovich VR. DICP : the Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 01 Jun 1991, 25(6): 678 DOI: 10.1177/106002809102500622 PMID: 1877281 . Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract . No abstract provided. ...Probable Famotidine-Induced Thrombocytopenia Authors Ahmad Rahal University of Kansas Medical Center:KU School of Medicine-Wichita, 1010 North Kansas, Wichita, KS 67214-3199, USA.Thrombocytopenia is the medical term for low blood platelets. Platelets are a type of cell in your bloodstream that help form blood clots. When you get a cut or injury to a blood vessel, blood clots form to plug the hole and stop the bleedi...thrombocytopenia was not ruled out. Since a PPI was warranted due to her ... Famotidine-Induced Acquired Long QT Syndrome. A. 59-year-old woman was admitted ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Use another famotidine formulation for pediatric patients weighing less than 40 kg. Table 1: Recommended Dosage and Duration of PEPCID Tablets in Adult and Pediatric Patients 40 kg and ... Hematologic: thrombocytopenia Hypersensitivity: orbital edema, rash, conjunctival injection, bronchospasmThrombocytopenia Associated with Famotidine in a Hemophiliac. Show details Hide details. John E. Humphries. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. Feb 1992. Restricted access. Rifampin-Induced Severe Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Show details Hide details. Jose M. Kindelán and more ...Background: Urgent surgery requiring heparin exposure during cardiopulmonary bypass can be challenging in patients with acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The use of treatments such as therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) to remove HIT antibodies and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) to antagonize HIT antibody-mediated platelet activation are …Key Points. Proton pump inhibitors might induce leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Neutrophil and platelet counts may go back to the normal range after proton pump inhibitors are stopped. Clinicians should be aware of this adverse effect even though it is very rare. Open in a separate window.Intravenous famotidine therapy was the only variable found to be statistically significant after both univariate and multivariate analysis (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Thrombocytopenia became clinically significant in eight of 181 (4.4%) famotidine-treated patients or 11.1 per cent of those who developed thrombocytopenia.PATHOGENESIS. The etiology of drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia is complex, at least six distinct pathologic mechanisms having been identified (Table 1).Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is technically the most common cause of drug-associated thrombocytopenia, but the drop in platelet levels in patients with HIT is rarely sufficient …Famotidine is a white to pale yellow crystalline compound that is freely soluble in glacial acetic acid, slightly soluble in methanol, very slightly soluble in water, and practically insoluble in ethanol. ... Hematologic: rare cases of agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. Hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis, angioedema ...A Word From Verywell. Thrombocytopenia is the medical term for a low platelet count. Platelets are blood cells that stop bleeding by causing blood to clot. Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count of less than 150,000 platelets/mL, regardless of your age. Andrew Brookes / Getty Images.thrombocytopenia; renal failure with estimated creatinine clearance less than 10 ml / min; active cancer; known allergic to aspirin, famotidine or pantoprazole ...Thrombocytopenia is found, especially among people who are male, 60+ old, have been taking the drug for < 1 month, also take Lasix and have Multiple myeloma. The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Famotidine and have Thrombocytopenia. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports from the FDA, and is updated regularly.The authors reported that famotidine, received within 24 hours of hospital admission in 84 patients with COVID-19, was associated with reduced risk for death or intubation (adjusted HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.85) and also with reduced risk for death alone (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.11–0.80). After baseline patient characteristics were balanced using ...Jan 15, 2002 · Critically ill patients routinely receive H2 antagonists for stress ulcer prophylaxis while at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding. In these patients it is often difficult to assess accurately the cause of adverse effects such as thrombocytopenia. We evaluate the literature to better define thrombocytopenia related to H2 antagonist administration and discuss mechanism, potential as a risk ... Thrombocytopenia is any disorder in which there are not enough platelets. Platelets are elements in the blood that help the blood clot. A low platelet count makes …Mar 1, 2008 · Patients receiving other drugs or with known bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, thrombocytopenia, or coagulopathy were excluded. Results A total of 522 patients who received famotidine and 95 who received pantoprazole were included. Conclusions Famotidine was safe and well tolerated in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Famotidine led to earlier resolution of symptoms and inflammation without reducing anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. ... In the placebo arm, one patient developed mild thrombocytopenia, and another patient had non-itching hives for 8 days. All of these ...feeling of warmth. hearing loss. inability to have or keep an erection. lack or loss of strength. loss in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance. muscle pain or stiffness. redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. redness of the white part of the eyes. stomach discomfort.The patient was taking carvedilol, enalapril, eplerenone, famotidine, sevelamer, and cinacalcet, as well as niacin-ER 750 mg controlled release twice daily, all started 4 years prior to presentation. Two years prior to this presentation, ... Niacin-ER may be an overlooked cause of thrombocytopenia, particularly among patients with a slowly ...From the third day after ESD, pantoprazole 40 mg was administered orally for 8 weeks. In the famotidine group, famotidine 20 mg was given intravenously twice daily for 2 days, starting 2 hr before ESD. From the third day after ESD, famotidine 20 mg was administered orally twice daily for 8 weeks.Thrombocytopenia is a platelet count of less than 150 × 103 per μL and can occur from decreased platelet production, increased destruction, splenic sequestration, or dilution or clumping ...An extremely high AEC alone (eg, ≥50,000/microL), significant cytopenias (eg, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia), or leukemic blasts on the blood smear should be evaluated urgently even if the patient is clinically stable, as it may reflect a potentially life-threatening disorder (eg, hematologic malignancy) or impending medical emergencyIntravenous famotidine therapy was the only variable found to be statistically significant after both univariate and multivariate analysis (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Thrombocytopenia became clinically significant in eight of 181 (4.4%) famotidine-treated patients or 11.1 per cent of those who developed thrombocytopenia.Famotidine did not appear to affect the fertility of rats at oral doses up ... confusion and hallucinations, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and neutropenia.

Drug-induced thrombocytopenia occurs when certain medicines destroy platelets or interfere with the body's ability to make enough of them. There are two types of drug-induced thrombocytopenia: immune and nonimmune. If a medicine causes your immune system to produce antibodies which seek and destroy your platelets, the condition is called drug .... 2018 silverado transmission thermostat delete

famotidine thrombocytopenia

Famotidine binds more tightly to H 2 R (dissociation constant 17 nmol/L) than ranitidine (dissociation constant 200 nmol/L),16 but preincubation of platelets with 1.0 mmol/L famotidine had no significant effect on ranitidine-dependent binding of antibody to platelets at concentrations of ranitidine as low as 1.0 μmol/L .Jul 24, 2023 · Some dosage forms listed on this page may not apply to the brand name Pepcid. Applies to famotidine: oral powder for suspension, oral tablet. Serious side effects of Pepcid. Along with its needed effects, famotidine (the active ingredient contained in Pepcid) may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if ... The general dosage of Pepcid for dogs is 0.22 to 0.44 milligrams per pound, according to 1800PetMeds.com. The medication can be given every 12-24 hours. Pepcid or famotidine is a medication used to heal and prevent ulcers. It blocks the rec...Goals for anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD) must include the comfort and safety of the parturient, and the well-being of the fetus and neonate. This topic will discuss the management of regional and general anesthesia for CD. Anesthesia for CD in patients with preeclampsia and neuraxial labor analgesia are reviewed separately.In contrast to immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, nonimmune drug-induced thrombocytopenia is described as a direct …Quick Links · Blood and lymphatic system disorders. Very rare. Thrombocytopenia · Immune system disorders. Very rare · Metabolism and nutrition disorders. Uncommon.Thrombocytopenia is the medical term for low blood platelets. Platelets are a type of cell in your bloodstream that help form blood clots. When you get a cut or injury to a blood vessel, blood clots form to plug the hole and stop the bleedi...ITP is a heterogeneous disorder with variable clinical symptoms and remains a diagnosis of exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia. 17 The likelihood of a spontaneous remission from ITP is age related, with 1-year remission rates of 74% in children <1 year of age, 67% in those between 1 and 6 years of age, and 62% in those 10 …... Thrombocytopenia Orbital edema, rash, conjunctival injection, bronchospasm Musculoskeletal pain, arthralgia Seizure, hallucinations, depression, anxiety ...Nov 23, 2018 · Proton pump inhibitors might induce leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Neutrophil and platelet counts may go back to the normal range after proton pump inhibitors are stopped. Clinicians should be aware of this adverse effect even though it is very rare. Open in a separate window. B A serious side effect of famotidine is thrombocytopenia, which is manifested by a decrease in platelet count and an increased risk of bleeding. The patient receiving famotidine may experience hypotension as an adverse effect, not hypertension. Famotidine does not cause immunosuppression or urinary retention.Possible famotidine-induced thrombocytopenia. Possible famotidine-induced thrombocytopenia DICP. 1989 Jun;23(6):507-8. doi: 10.1177/106002808902300615. Authors J B Comer, J A Evans, A Kerns. PMID: 2568035 DOI: 10.1177/106002808902300615 No abstract available. Publication types ....

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